No, because at design time, you are not working in the drawing. In order to populate a ListBox with with all of the layer fileters, you must do it at runtime. Look at the form events and select one that happens before or at the time the form is generated.
Of course, now that I think of it, I believe you are confused on the terminology. Design Time is the time when you are writing the code that will ultimately be your application .. before you compile the code. Because things such as layer filters are dynamic, meaning they can and do change between drawings and users can readily add/delete them. Runtime is when the application is executed starting at the first function call at the application entrypoint.
You could add things to the list at design time, but I don't think it would serve your purpose.